■ 短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)簡介
Biref Introduction of Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
Biref Introduction of Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
https://www.creative-proteomics.com/blog/index.php/biref-introduction-of-short-chain-fatty-acids/
October 8, 2018
October 8, 2018
As we know, increased intake of dietary fiber may contribute towards a healthier diet. It has been studied that there are associations between increased dietary fiber intake and lower mortality from cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. And the gut microflora in the large intestine, consisting of more than 400 different species, plays important physiological roles in human physiology and health. Microflora has the ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes that can digest some of the complex carbohydrates. When dietary fibers are fermented by the bacterial hydrolytic enzymes, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main products. However, SCFAs may be generated from protein and amino acid decompositions as well.
Short chain fatty acids are defined as fatty acids with two to six carbon atoms. But the definition varies and the upper limit may range between five and seven carbons in length. Among SCFAs, three main types, acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3) and butyric acid (C4), makes up 95% of all SCFAs.
These SCFAs have a wide range of metabolic effects. They can be oxidized to provide energy and have also been shown to affect the immune system, colonic function, cholesterol metabolism, satiety and oxidative stress. In addition, A direct link between SCFAs (qualitatively and quantitatively) and some human pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrhea and cancer have been proposed. So, there is no wonder that SCFA profiling has been a major topic in gut bacteria studies.
SCFAs have been measured in various biological materials such as blood plasma, serum, and feces. Moreover, SCFAs have been detected in different environmental samples, food, waste leachates and even in asphaltene. In the following parts, we will focus on the SCFAs analytical methods. Gas chromatography (GC) appears to be the most commonly used quantification method of fecal SCFAs despite having some disadvantages. Alternative methods include techniques related to liquid chromatography (LC), such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE).
Gas Chromatography (GC)
The principle of GC relies on a carrier gas that serves as a mobile phase where sample compounds are separated by differential interaction with the column stationary phase. The pretreatment is important for the successful detection of SCFAs by GC. There are various methods, such as ultrafiltration, centrifugation, acidification, or simple sample dilution, which has its own advantages or disadvantages.
The flame ionization detector (FID), is sensitive to molecules that are ionized in a hydrogen-air flame, including most carbon-containing compounds, and produces a current that varies proportionally to the amount of organic species in a sample, is the most used conventional detector for SCFAs detection in GC. In addition to a conventional detector, GC can be bound to MS, causing a better sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. By using a GC-MS-MS instrument, it is available to quantitate SCFAs that are present in low concentrations in complex biological samples. GC-MS is an analytical technique, well suited for the analysis of SCFAs and other (longer) fatty acids. However, one critical step in the GC-MS analysis of FAs is their conversion into suitable volatile derivatives by derivatization (e.g., by alkylation or silylation). Some GC methods can cause a thermic degradation and structural modification of FAs during the methyl esterification process, or they can simply destroy the sample, disabling the possibility of its reanalysis.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
A great alternative to GC for SCFAs analysis is HPLC. Due to the higher pressure, the mobile phase carrying analytes travels and the small stationary phase particles with a larger area allow for a better interaction. The most commonly used technique is a reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), where the stationary solid phase (column) is hydrophobic (non-polar) and the mobile liquid phase is hydrophilic (polar, watery). Like GC, a successful SCFAs analysis by HPLC needs suitable combinations of pretreatments, columns, running conditions and detectors. The greatest advantage of the HPLC over the GC technique is the use of lower running temperatures. And the resolved fatty acids are not destroyed during their detection, which enables further analyses to be performed.
In addition to GC and HPLC, there are some other methods, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), and enzymatic detection of SCFAs. In NMR, isotope cores 1H and 13C have been used for SCFAs studies in fecal samples. It enables the production of fast, stable and reproducible profiles, but the instrumentation cost and sensitivity are the serious drawbacks. CE, which has been used to detect SCFAs in different biological materials, is convenient in routine analysis due to its speed and minimal sample pretreatment procedure. However, the disadvantages of CE include low repeatability and reproducibility. Enzymatic detection of SCFAs depends on the spectrophotometric measurement of enzymatic products obtained from SCFAs as substrates. It can differentiate between optical isomers, so the lactate can be found in both D- and L-form.
Because of the connections between SCFAs, microbiota and metabolic diseases, a comprehensive understanding of SCFAs functional roles in the human body is essential. Therefore, there is a need for good and reliable analytical SCFA detection technologies. In summary, different SCFA analytical methods have advantages and limits. Because GC and HPLC have become standard and accessible in many laboratories. Moreover, GC-MS and HPLC-MS have pushed the limits of detection well below the actual concentrations of SCFAs found in feces. Therefore, GC-MS and HPLC-MS can be a suitable choice for low-concentration of fatty acids.
At Creative Proteomics, we have developed a professional platform for the Identification and quantification short chain fatty acids by GC-MS. The short chain fatty acids we can quantified include acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and caproic acid. If you want to know more, please visit our Short Chain Fatty Acids Analysis Service.
Short chain fatty acids are defined as fatty acids with two to six carbon atoms. But the definition varies and the upper limit may range between five and seven carbons in length. Among SCFAs, three main types, acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3) and butyric acid (C4), makes up 95% of all SCFAs.
These SCFAs have a wide range of metabolic effects. They can be oxidized to provide energy and have also been shown to affect the immune system, colonic function, cholesterol metabolism, satiety and oxidative stress. In addition, A direct link between SCFAs (qualitatively and quantitatively) and some human pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrhea and cancer have been proposed. So, there is no wonder that SCFA profiling has been a major topic in gut bacteria studies.
SCFAs have been measured in various biological materials such as blood plasma, serum, and feces. Moreover, SCFAs have been detected in different environmental samples, food, waste leachates and even in asphaltene. In the following parts, we will focus on the SCFAs analytical methods. Gas chromatography (GC) appears to be the most commonly used quantification method of fecal SCFAs despite having some disadvantages. Alternative methods include techniques related to liquid chromatography (LC), such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE).
Gas Chromatography (GC)
The principle of GC relies on a carrier gas that serves as a mobile phase where sample compounds are separated by differential interaction with the column stationary phase. The pretreatment is important for the successful detection of SCFAs by GC. There are various methods, such as ultrafiltration, centrifugation, acidification, or simple sample dilution, which has its own advantages or disadvantages.
The flame ionization detector (FID), is sensitive to molecules that are ionized in a hydrogen-air flame, including most carbon-containing compounds, and produces a current that varies proportionally to the amount of organic species in a sample, is the most used conventional detector for SCFAs detection in GC. In addition to a conventional detector, GC can be bound to MS, causing a better sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. By using a GC-MS-MS instrument, it is available to quantitate SCFAs that are present in low concentrations in complex biological samples. GC-MS is an analytical technique, well suited for the analysis of SCFAs and other (longer) fatty acids. However, one critical step in the GC-MS analysis of FAs is their conversion into suitable volatile derivatives by derivatization (e.g., by alkylation or silylation). Some GC methods can cause a thermic degradation and structural modification of FAs during the methyl esterification process, or they can simply destroy the sample, disabling the possibility of its reanalysis.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
A great alternative to GC for SCFAs analysis is HPLC. Due to the higher pressure, the mobile phase carrying analytes travels and the small stationary phase particles with a larger area allow for a better interaction. The most commonly used technique is a reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC), where the stationary solid phase (column) is hydrophobic (non-polar) and the mobile liquid phase is hydrophilic (polar, watery). Like GC, a successful SCFAs analysis by HPLC needs suitable combinations of pretreatments, columns, running conditions and detectors. The greatest advantage of the HPLC over the GC technique is the use of lower running temperatures. And the resolved fatty acids are not destroyed during their detection, which enables further analyses to be performed.
In addition to GC and HPLC, there are some other methods, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), and enzymatic detection of SCFAs. In NMR, isotope cores 1H and 13C have been used for SCFAs studies in fecal samples. It enables the production of fast, stable and reproducible profiles, but the instrumentation cost and sensitivity are the serious drawbacks. CE, which has been used to detect SCFAs in different biological materials, is convenient in routine analysis due to its speed and minimal sample pretreatment procedure. However, the disadvantages of CE include low repeatability and reproducibility. Enzymatic detection of SCFAs depends on the spectrophotometric measurement of enzymatic products obtained from SCFAs as substrates. It can differentiate between optical isomers, so the lactate can be found in both D- and L-form.
Because of the connections between SCFAs, microbiota and metabolic diseases, a comprehensive understanding of SCFAs functional roles in the human body is essential. Therefore, there is a need for good and reliable analytical SCFA detection technologies. In summary, different SCFA analytical methods have advantages and limits. Because GC and HPLC have become standard and accessible in many laboratories. Moreover, GC-MS and HPLC-MS have pushed the limits of detection well below the actual concentrations of SCFAs found in feces. Therefore, GC-MS and HPLC-MS can be a suitable choice for low-concentration of fatty acids.
At Creative Proteomics, we have developed a professional platform for the Identification and quantification short chain fatty acids by GC-MS. The short chain fatty acids we can quantified include acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and caproic acid. If you want to know more, please visit our Short Chain Fatty Acids Analysis Service.
■ 美國 Creative Proteomics :
世界級CRO專家。
世界上最先進的蛋白質組學平台之一。
綜合型CRO公司,全方位藥物研究開發服務
提供包括分子生物學,生物化學,系統生物學,有機化學,基因組學,生物信息學,結構生物學,臨床前和臨床研究,蛋白質體學相關的研究試劑和量產服務。還為分析,生物製藥,生命科學和化學研究提供色譜、光譜、質譜分析和微生物學產品。
世界上最先進的蛋白質組學平台之一。
綜合型CRO公司,全方位藥物研究開發服務
提供包括分子生物學,生物化學,系統生物學,有機化學,基因組學,生物信息學,結構生物學,臨床前和臨床研究,蛋白質體學相關的研究試劑和量產服務。還為分析,生物製藥,生命科學和化學研究提供色譜、光譜、質譜分析和微生物學產品。
- 世界級最先進品質蛋白質組學服務,生化分析,各式儀器分析 (色譜、光譜、質譜)。
- SCFA (Short Chain Fatty Acids)短鏈脂肪酸的專家,已完成數千個SCFA樣品 (糞便,血漿,組織,細胞等)。
- GLP (Glucagon-like Peptide) 胰高血糖素樣肽分析也有提供。
- 具有相當競爭力的市場價格。
- 非常快捷的完成周期 turnaround time。
- 各大知名醫藥研究單位的好夥伴。
Customers of Creative Dynamics Inc
短鏈脂肪酸(SCFAs)分析服務
Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Analysis Service 短鏈脂肪酸(SCFA)是大腸細菌發酵膳食纖維的最終產物。 我們建立了靈敏,可靠,準確的GC-MS方法,用於量化短鏈脂肪酸 |
De Novo肽/蛋白質測序服務
De Novo Peptides/Proteins Sequencing Service 從頭測序是鑑定新的肽,未測序的生物體和抗體藥物的合適方法,其不能通過數據庫搜索方法檢測。 |
N端點Edman降階:肽或蛋白質的序列分析
N-terminal Edman degradation : Sequence Analysis of Peptides or Proteins 我們的專業蛋白質測序平台通過Edman降解或質譜(MS)提供N端序列分析,彼此具有互補優勢。 |
Creative Proteomics是Creative Dynamics Inc的蛋白質組學Proteomics部門,是家綜合CRO公司,提供包括分子生物學,生物化學,系統生物學,有機化學,基因組學,生物信息學,結構生物學,臨床前和臨床研究,制藥、生命科學研究、開發服務的全方位藥物開發服務。還為分析,生物制藥,生命科學和化學研究提供色譜、光譜、質譜分析和微生物學產品。
Creative Proteomics專門提供全方位的服務,以支持從單一蛋白質鑒定到大規模蛋白質組學研究的各種蛋白質相關研究。我們擁有世界上最先進的蛋白質組學平台之一,我們的員工科學家是經驗豐富的蛋白質組學專家。我們的蛋白質組分析平台提供蛋白質分離,特徵分析,識別鑒定和量產服務,具有高通量和超靈敏度的特點。此外,蛋白質翻譯後修飾如磷酸化和糖基化的分析是可用的。
Creative Proteomics由專業人員組成,他們在處理難以分析的樣品(包括質膜,血清,腦脊液)以及研究蛋白質翻譯後修飾和蛋白質 - 蛋白質相互作用方面具有豐富的經驗。我們的服務包括對您的項目進行全面的討論和諮詢,為您提供滿足您需求的最佳服務。與我們的合作夥伴密切合作,專業的蛋白質組學解決方案以業界最低的成本水平提供。
Creative Proteomics專門提供全方位的服務,以支持從單一蛋白質鑒定到大規模蛋白質組學研究的各種蛋白質相關研究。我們擁有世界上最先進的蛋白質組學平台之一,我們的員工科學家是經驗豐富的蛋白質組學專家。我們的蛋白質組分析平台提供蛋白質分離,特徵分析,識別鑒定和量產服務,具有高通量和超靈敏度的特點。此外,蛋白質翻譯後修飾如磷酸化和糖基化的分析是可用的。
Creative Proteomics由專業人員組成,他們在處理難以分析的樣品(包括質膜,血清,腦脊液)以及研究蛋白質翻譯後修飾和蛋白質 - 蛋白質相互作用方面具有豐富的經驗。我們的服務包括對您的項目進行全面的討論和諮詢,為您提供滿足您需求的最佳服務。與我們的合作夥伴密切合作,專業的蛋白質組學解決方案以業界最低的成本水平提供。
■ 服務項目 :
❶蛋白質組學服務 Proteomics Service
❶蛋白質組學服務 Proteomics Service
- 蛋白凝膠和成像 Protein Gel and Imaging
- 蛋白質鑒定 Protein Identification
- 蛋白質定量 Protein Quantification
- 蛋白質翻譯後修飾分析 Protein Post-translational Modification Analysis
- 自上而下蛋白質組學 Top Down Proteomics
- Peptidomics
- 蛋白質 - 蛋白質相互作用網絡 Protein-Protein Interaction Networks
- 亞細胞蛋白質組學 Subcellular Proteomics
- 其他定制實驗 Others - Customized experiments
- 非靶向代謝組學 Untargeted Metabolomics
- 靶向代謝組學 Targeted Metabolomics
- 代謝通量分析 Metabolic Flux Analysis (MFA)(MFA)
- 未知的代謝物鑒定 Unknown Metabolites Identification
- 異生代謝物分析 Xenobiotic Metabolites Analysis
- 非目標脂質組學 Untargeted Lipidomics
- 靶向脂質組學 Targeted Lipidomics
- 脂肪酸分析服務 Fatty Acids Analysis Service
- 脂肪酸衍生物分析服務 Fatty Acids Derivatives Analysis Service
- 脂肪酸代謝分析服務 Fatty Acids Metabolism Analysis Service
- 甘油脂分析服務 Glycerolipids Analysis Service
- 甘油磷脂分析服務 Glycerophospholipids Analysis Service
- 鞘脂類 Sphingolipids
- 異戊二烯 Isoprenoids
- 固醇 Sterols
- 其他分析服務 Other Analysis Services
- 外來體液體組織 Exosome LIpidomics
- MALDI成像脂質組學 MALDI-Imaging Lipidomics
- N-糖基分析 N-Glycan Profiling
- O-多醣分析 O-Glycan Profiling
- N-糖基化位點職業 N-Glycosylation Site Occupation
- O-糖基化位點職業 O-Glycosylation Site Occupation
- N-糖鏈接分析 N-Glycan Linkage Analysis
- O-糖鏈接分析 O-Glycan Linkage Analysis
- 聚醣的結構表徵 Structural Characterization of Glycans
- 糖肽分析 Glycopeptides Analysis
- 肽純度分析 Peptide Purity Analysis
- 結構活性關係(SAR)分析 Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis
- 細胞遷移分析 Cell Migration Assay
- 細胞粘附分析 Cell Adhesion Assay
- 細胞侵襲分析 Cell Invasion Assay
- 蛋白質組學的生物信息學 Bioinformatics for Proteomics
- 生物信息學代謝組學 Bioinformatics for Metabolomics
- 蛋白質的生物信息學 Bioinformatics for Protein
- 成分分析 Composition Analysis
- 流式細胞術 Flow Cytometry (FACS)
- 肽質量指紋圖譜 Peptide Mass Fingerprinting(PMF)
- De Novo肽/蛋白質測序 De Novo Peptides/Proteins Sequencing
- 肽圖 Peptide Mapping
- De Novo抗體測序 De Novo Antibody Sequencing
- 氨基酸分析(AAA)Amino Acid Analysis
- 宿主細胞蛋白質分析 Host Cell Protein Analysis
- DNA甲基化的生物分析 Bioanalysis of DNA Methylations
- 殘留的DNA測試 Residual DNA Testing
- 艾姆斯測試 Ames Test
- 細菌菌株的鑒定 Identification of Bacterial Strains
■ 生化分析服務 :
❶蛋白質治療學分析 Protein Therapeutics Analysis
❶蛋白質治療學分析 Protein Therapeutics Analysis
- 蛋白質生物相似物的表徵 Characterization of Protein Biosimilar
- 蛋白質糖化分析 Analysis of Protein Glycation
- 蛋白質/肽質量的測定 Determination of Protein/Peptide Mass
- 基於MS / MS的肽測序 MS/MS based Sequencing of Peptides
- 硫醇和二硫鍵的分析 Analysis of Thiol and Disulfide Bonds
- LC-MS MRM定量 LC-MS MRM Quantification
- 翻譯後修飾分析 Analysis of Post-translational Modifications
- 蛋白質聚集分析 Protein Aggregation Analysis
- 唾液酸鑒定和定量 Sialic Acid Identification and Quantitation
- 蛋白質生物相似物的表徵 Characterization of Protein Biosimilar
- 生物仿製藥與蛋白質療法的比較 Comparison of Biosimilars and Protein Therapeutics
- 生物分子相互作用分析 Biomolecular Interaction Analysis
- N-聚醣分析 N-Glycan Analysis
- 等電點和電荷變化的測定 Determination of pI and Charge Variation
- 治療性蛋白脫肽胺的表徵 Characterization of Therapeutical Protein Deamidation
- 治療性蛋白質氧化的表徵 Characterization of Therapeutical Protein Oxidation
- 蛋白質周轉率的測定 Determination of Protein Turnover Rate
- 抗體 - 藥物偶聯物的表徵 Characterization of Antibody-Drug Conjugates
- N端截斷的分析 Analysis of N-terminal Truncation
- C端賴氨酸變體的分析 Analysis of C-terminal Lysine Variants
- N-末端焦谷氨酸的分析 Analysis of N-terminal Pyroglutamate
- 蛋白質糖化分析 Analysis of Protein Glycation
- 蛋白質PEG化的表徵 Characterization of Protein PEGylation
- 小分子的生物分析 Bioanalysis of Small Molecules
- 蛋白質的生物分析 Bioanalysis of Proteins
- ADME&PK
- 藥物研發臨床前試驗 Preclinical Trials in Drug R & D
- 生物胺分析服務 Biogenic Amine Analysis Service
- 有機酸分析服務 Organic Acid Analysis Service
- 植物激素分析服務 Plant Hormones Analysis Service
- 不飽和脂肪酸分析服務 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Analysis Service
- 碳水化合物代謝分析服務 Carbohydrate Metabolism Analysis Service
- 動物激素分析服務 Animal Hormones Analysis Service
- 食品和飲料分析 Food and Beverage Analysis
- 環境分析服務 Environment Analysis Service
- 取證分析服務 Forensics Analysis Service
- 臨床分析服務 Clinical Analysis Service
- 寵物食品分析 Pet Food Analysis
- 輔肽分析服務 Coenzyme I Analysis Service
- 生物胺分析服務 Biogenic Amine Analysis Service
- 花青素分析服務 Anthocyanins Analysis Service
- 有機酸分析服務 Organic Acid Analysis Service
- 動物激素分析服務 Animal Hormones Analysis Service
- 不飽和脂肪酸分析服務 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Analysis Service
- 植物激素分析服務 Plant Hormones Analysis Service
- 碳水化合物代謝分析服務 Carbohydrate Metabolism Analysis Service
- 三磷酸腺肽分析服務 Adenosine Triphosphate Analysis Service
- NADP分析服務 NADP Analysis Service
- 信號分子分析服務 Signaling Molecule Analysis Service
- 中草藥成分分析服務 Chinese Herbal Medicine Ingredient Analysis Service
■ 產品項目 :
❶定制的合成肽/蛋白質 Customized Synthesized Peptide/Proteins
❷穩定同位素標記全長MS蛋白質標準品 Stable Isotope Labeled Full Length MS Protein Standard
❸穩定同位素標記MS肽標準品 Stable Isotope Labeled MS Peptide Standard
❹穩定同位素標記片段蛋白質(MS標準)Stable Isotope Labeled Fragment Protein (MS Standard)
❺穩定的同位素標記分析標準 Stable Isotope Labeled Analytical Standard
❶定制的合成肽/蛋白質 Customized Synthesized Peptide/Proteins
❷穩定同位素標記全長MS蛋白質標準品 Stable Isotope Labeled Full Length MS Protein Standard
❸穩定同位素標記MS肽標準品 Stable Isotope Labeled MS Peptide Standard
❹穩定同位素標記片段蛋白質(MS標準)Stable Isotope Labeled Fragment Protein (MS Standard)
❺穩定的同位素標記分析標準 Stable Isotope Labeled Analytical Standard
■ 儀器分析服務 :
❶色譜技術 Chromatography Technology
❶色譜技術 Chromatography Technology
- GC的分析服務 GC Based Analysis Services
- LC的分析服務 LC Based Analysis Services
- HPLC的分析服務 HPLC Based Analysis Service
- UPLC的分析服務 UPLC Based Analysis Service
- GPC的分析服務 GPC Based Analysis Service
- GPC / SEC的分析服務 GPC/SEC Based Analysis Service
- GPC-NMR的分析服務 GPC-NMR Based analysis Service
- IC的分析服務 IC Based Analysis Service
- HPTLC的分析服務 HPTLC Based Analysis Service
- DLS 分析服務 DLS Based Analysis Service
- 圓二色性的分析服務 Circular Dichroism Based Analysis Service
- FT IR 分析服務 FT IR Based Analysis Service
- NMR 分析服務 NMR Based Analysis Service
- 熒光光譜的分析服務 Fluorescence Spectroscopy Based Analysis Service
- DSC 分析服務 DSC Based Analysis Service
- DMA 分析服務 DMA Based Analysis Service
- DTA 分析服務 DTA based Analysis Service
- 三重四極桿質譜技術 Triple Quadrupole MS
- 四極桿 - 捕集器質譜技術 Quadrupole-Trap MS
- MALDI-TOF 質譜技術 MALDI-TOF MS
- LTQ Orbitrap 質譜技術 LTQ Orbitrap MS
- Q Exactive 質譜技術 Q Exactive MS
- 質譜成像 Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Contact E-mail : [email protected]
Phone : +886 (0)-3-5824192, +886 (0)-915-669-072 (LINE, WeChat, WhatsApp)
Copyright 2014 of EDRAGON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
Phone : +886 (0)-3-5824192, +886 (0)-915-669-072 (LINE, WeChat, WhatsApp)
Copyright 2014 of EDRAGON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION